hard drives, Optical Drives, etc no.
CPU, no (as long as the CPU is 64-bit capable, most these days are)...
the OS needs to support 64-bit (Windows 64-bit will run 32-bit software)
Motherboard drivers, GPU, Sound card, etc need 64-bit drivers for 64-bit, 32-bit for 32bit...
some when you download the drivers have both and install the appropriate ones based on which OS your running.
so to answer your question, yes and no.